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The Opium War refers to two conflicts between China and Western powers, mainly Britain, in the mid-19th century.
鴉片戰爭是指19世紀中葉中國與西方列強（主要是英國）之間的兩次衝突。
The First Opium War took place from 1839 to 1842.
第一次鴉片戰爭發生於1839年至1842年間。
It began when the Chinese government tried to stop British merchants from illegally importing opium into China.
戰爭起因於中國政府試圖阻止英國商人非法將鴉片輸入中國。
Opium was causing widespread addiction and social problems in China.
鴉片在中國引發了廣泛的毒癮問題和社會問題。
Britain responded with military force, leading to China's defeat.
英國以軍事力量回應，最終導致中國戰敗。
As a result, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.
結果，中國被迫於1842年簽訂《南京條約》。
The treaty forced China to open several ports to British trade and cede Hong Kong to Britain.
該條約迫使中國開放多個港口供英國通商，並割讓香港給英國。
The Second Opium War occurred between 1856 and 1860, again involving Britain and also France.
第二次鴉片戰爭發生於1856年至1860年間，這次英國和法國共同參戰。
This war further weakened China's sovereignty and led to more unequal treaties.
這場戰爭進一步削弱了中國的主權，並導致更多不平等條約的簽訂。
Overall, the Opium Wars marked the beginning of what is known in China as the "Century of Humiliation."
總的來說，鴉片戰爭標誌著中國所稱的「百年國恥」的開始。
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