homogeneous (同質性的)

homogeneous (同質性的)

homogeneous society (同質性的社會)

In a homogeneous society

在一個同質性的社會中

homogeneous (同質性的)

homogeneity (同質性)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典 

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homogeneous society (同質性的社會)

homogeneous society (同質性的社會)

In a homogeneous society

在一個同質性的社會中

homogeneous (同質性的)

homogeneity (同質性)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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collective action (集體行動)

collective action (集體行動)

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collective action (集體行動)

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Collective action is the process where a group of individuals collaborates, pooling knowledge, resources, and effort to achieve a common goal or objective that would be difficult or impossible to achieve alone.

（集體行動是一個過程，其中一群個體合作，將知識、資源和努力匯集在一起，以達成一個單獨個體難以或不可能完成的共同目標。）

This collaborative approach is seen across social sciences and can take the form of peaceful protests, social movements, or systemic change programs aimed at improving conditions for a community.

（這種合作方式在社會科學中普遍存在，並且可以表現為和平抗議、社會運動，或旨在改善社區條件的系統性變革計畫。）

Challenges can arise from the "collective action problem," where individuals may prioritize their own self-interest over the group's goal, leading to "free riding".

（然而，「集體行動困境」可能帶來挑戰，其中個體可能優先考慮自身利益而非群體目標，從而導致「搭便車」的情況。）

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### Key Aspects of Collective Action

（集體行動的主要面向）

Common Purpose:

The driving force behind collective action is a shared goal or vision among the group members.

（集體行動的推動力來自群體成員之間的共同目標或願景。）

Collaboration:

Individuals or entities (like governments, NGOs, or businesses) work together, sharing resources and coordinating their efforts.

（個人或組織〔如政府、非政府組織或企業〕共同合作，分享資源並協調努力。）

Shared Outcomes:

The ultimate aim is to achieve a result that benefits the group or community as a whole, often leading to systemic change or the resolution of community problems.

（最終目標是實現一個有利於整個群體或社區的成果，這通常會導致系統性的變革或社區問題的解決。）

Interdisciplinary Study:

Collective action is studied in various fields, including sociology, political science, psychology, and economics.

（集體行動被應用於多個學術領域的研究，包括社會學、政治學、心理學與經濟學。）

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### Examples of Collective Action

（集體行動的例子）

Social Movements:

The fight for civil rights, women's suffrage, or LGBTQ+ rights are historical examples of collective action for social change.

（爭取民權、婦女選舉權或 LGBTQ+ 權利的運動，都是推動社會變革的歷史性集體行動範例。）

Community Initiatives:

Grassroots efforts, awareness campaigns, and efforts to improve local conditions, such as those focused on reducing poverty or providing social services.

（基層行動、倡議活動，以及改善地方條件的努力，例如減少貧窮或提供社會服務。）

Systemic Change:

Programs involving collaboration between government, non-profits, and businesses to tackle complex societal issues like climate change or healthcare access.

（政府、非營利組織與企業之間的合作計畫，用於解決氣候變遷或醫療服務可及性等複雜的社會問題。）

Labor Unions:

Workers coming together to negotiate for fair wages and better working conditions.

（工人組織起來共同談判，以爭取公平的薪資與更好的工作條件。）

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### The Collective Action Problem

（集體行動的困境）

Self-Interest vs. Group Interest:

A key challenge is the tendency for individuals to act selfishly rather than for the collective good.

（一個主要挑戰是個體傾向於自私行事，而不是為集體利益著想。）

The "Free-Rider Problem":

Individuals may choose to benefit from the collective action without contributing, assuming others will carry the burden.

（有些人可能選擇不做出貢獻卻享受集體行動的成果，認為其他人會承擔責任，這就是所謂的「搭便車問題」。）

Solutions:

Addressing this often involves creating shared responsibility, facilitating communication and trust, and ensuring that everyone feels their contribution is valued and necessary for the success of the group.

（解決這一問題通常需要建立共同責任，促進溝通與信任，並確保每個人都感覺到自己的貢獻是被重視且對群體成功不可或缺的。）

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Multiculturalism (多元文化主義)

Multiculturalism (多元文化主義)

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Realism (現實主義)

Realism (現實主義)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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Society (社會)

society (社會)

Society (社會)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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non-profit organization (非營利組織)

non-profit organization (非營利組織)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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Ultranationalism (極端民族主義)

Ultranationalism (極端民族主義)

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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Social Cohesion (社會的凝聚力)

Social Cohesion (社會的凝聚力)

Social Cohesion (社會的凝聚力) 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典 

Social Cohesion (社會的凝聚力) 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

social control (社會控制)

social control (社會控制)

Social-Ecological Resilience (社會生態的韌性)

Social-Ecological Resilience (社會生態的韌性)

citizen (公民)

citizen (公民)

citizenry (全體公民)

citizenry (全體公民)

citizen (公民)

citizenry (全體公民)

dissident (異議人士)

dissident (異議人士)

dissidents (異議人士)

dissident (抱持不同意見的；異議人士)

second-class citizen (二等公民)

social gathering (社交聚會)

Social Norms (社會的規範)

Social Norms (社會的規範)

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Social Norms (社會的規範)

Social Norms (社會的規範)

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funeral (喪禮)

social movement (社會運動)

social movement (社會運動)

social movement (社會運動)

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A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one.

社會運動是一大群組織相對鬆散的人為了實現特定的目標而進行的群體性努力，通常是為了達成某一個社會或是政治的目標。

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gender difference (性別差異)