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Cysteine dioxygenase
migration infrastructure (移民基礎設施)
「Migration infrastructure（移民基礎設施）」是一個在移民研究中常用的概念，指的是支撐、促成或限制人口跨國流動的一整套制度、組織、技術、政策與實踐。
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English: The term migration infrastructure refers to the network of institutions, technologies, regulations, and actors that enable, shape, or constrain migration flows.
中文: 「移民基礎設施」這個詞指的是由各種制度、技術、規範與行動者所組成的網絡，這個網絡促成、塑造或限制人口流動。
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English: It highlights that migration is not just an individual decision or a market process, but depends on complex infrastructures that include recruitment agencies, transportation systems, legal frameworks, and information channels.
中文: 它強調移民不僅是個人決定或市場過程，而是依賴於複雜的基礎設施，如仲介機構、交通系統、法律架構以及資訊傳播管道。
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English: Scholars often distinguish several components of migration infrastructure, such as the commercial, regulatory, technological, humanitarian, and social infrastructures.
中文: 學者通常會區分移民基礎設施的幾個組成部分，例如商業、監管、技術、人道與社會基礎設施。
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English: The concept helps explain why migration patterns persist or change, even when policies or economic conditions shift.
中文: 這個概念有助於解釋為什麼即使政策或經濟條件改變，移民模式仍會持續或出現變化。
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