airplane
飛機
airplane (飛機)
飛機 (airplane)
2022年2月28日 星期一
stealth fighter jet (匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機，隱形戰鬥機)
stealth
fighter jet
匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機，隱形戰鬥機
stealth fighter jet (匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機，隱形戰鬥機)
匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機，隱形戰鬥機 (stealth fighter
jet)
stealth fighter jet
隱形戰鬥機
stealth fighter jet (隱形戰鬥機)
隱形戰鬥機 (stealth fighter
jet)
stealth fighter jet
隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機
stealth fighter jet (隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機)
隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機 (stealth fighter
jet)
stealth fighter
隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機
stealth fighter (隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機)
隱形戰鬥機，匿蹤戰鬥機，匿蹤戰機 (stealth fighter)
stealth fighter jet
匿蹤戰機
stealth fighter jet (匿蹤戰機)
匿蹤戰機 (stealth fighter
jet)
stealth fighter
匿蹤戰機
stealth fighter (匿蹤戰機)
匿蹤戰機 (stealth fighter)
stealth aircraft
隱形飛機
stealth aircraft (隱形飛機)
隱形飛機 (stealth aircraft)
#
F35 stealth fighter jet
#
Aviation Safety Council (飛航安全委員會)
Aviation
Safety Council
飛航安全委員會
Aviation Safety Council (飛航安全委員會)
飛航安全委員會 (Aviation Safety
Council)
Aviation Safety Council, Taiwan, Republic of China
中華民國 台灣 飛航安全委員會
Aviation Safety Council, Taiwan, Republic of China (中華民國 台灣 飛航安全委員會)
中華民國 台灣 飛航安全委員會 (Aviation Safety
Council, Taiwan, Republic of China)
cocktail (雞尾酒)
cocktail
雞尾酒
cocktail (雞尾酒)
雞尾酒 (cocktail)
cocktails
雞尾酒
cocktails (雞尾酒)
雞尾酒 (cocktails)
Molotov cocktail (燃燒彈，汽油彈)
Molotov
cocktail
燃燒彈
Molotov cocktail (燃燒彈)
燃燒彈 (Molotov cocktail)
Molotov cocktails
燃燒彈
Molotov cocktails (燃燒彈)
燃燒彈 (Molotov cocktails)
Molotov cocktail
燃燒彈，汽油彈
Molotov cocktail (燃燒彈，汽油彈)
燃燒彈，汽油彈 (Molotov cocktail)
Molotov cocktail
汽油彈
Molotov cocktail (汽油彈)
汽油彈 (Molotov cocktail)
Molotov cocktails
汽油彈
Molotov cocktails (汽油彈)
汽油彈 (Molotov cocktails)
#
Ukraine (烏克蘭)
#
negative (負的，負面的)
negative
負的，負面的
negative (負的，負面的)
負的，負面的 (negative)
negative
負的
negative (負的)
負的 (negative)
negative
負面的
negative (負面的)
負面的 (negative)
negative influence (負面的影響)
negative
influence
負面的影響
negative influence (負面的影響)
負面的影響 (negative influence)
negative influences
負面的影響
negative influences (負面的影響)
負面的影響 (negative
influences)
military convoy (軍隊的車隊)
military
convoy
軍隊的車隊
military convoy (軍隊的車隊)
軍隊的車隊 (military convoy)
#
Russian military convoy (俄羅斯軍隊的車隊)[湯偉晉編寫的英文字典][英文的使用範例]
#
2022年2月21日 星期一
detoxification process (解毒的過程)
detoxification
process
解毒的過程
detoxification process (解毒的過程)
解毒的過程 (detoxification
process)
detoxification (解毒)
detoxification
解毒
detoxification (解毒)
解毒 (detoxification)
detoxification process
解毒的過程
detoxification process (解毒的過程)
解毒的過程 (detoxification
process)
well-known (眾所皆知的，眾所周知的)
well-known
眾所皆知的
well-known (眾所皆知的)
眾所皆知的 (well-known)
well-known
眾所皆知
well-known (眾所皆知)
眾所皆知 (well-known)
well-known
眾所周知的
well-known (眾所周知的)
眾所周知的 (well-known)
well-known
眾所皆知的，眾所周知的
well-known (眾所皆知的，眾所周知的)
眾所皆知的，眾所周知的 (well-known)
Metallurgy (冶金學)
Metallurgy
冶金學
Metallurgy (冶金學)
冶金學 (Metallurgy)
metallurgy
冶金
metallurgy (冶金)
冶金 (metallurgy)
Metallurgy
冶金學，冶金
Metallurgy (冶金學，冶金)
冶金學，冶金 (Metallurgy)
2022年2月19日 星期六
hydroxyproline (羥脯胺酸)
|
hydroxyproline (羥脯胺酸) |
hydroxyproline
羥脯胺酸
hydroxyproline (羥脯胺酸)
羥脯胺酸 (hydroxyproline)
#
collagen, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline
collagen (膠原蛋白), Glycine (甘胺酸), proline (脯胺酸), hydroxyproline (羥脯胺酸)
#
Glycine
甘胺酸
Glycine (甘胺酸)
甘胺酸 (Glycine)
proline
脯胺酸
proline (脯胺酸)
脯胺酸 (proline)
collagen
膠原蛋白
collagen (膠原蛋白)
膠原蛋白 (collagen)
#
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2022-02-20
Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and
animal growth; PY2018; USA (美國);_WJD_2022-0220_V001R01_IR94,
glutathione_RvD20220220_
Source or References (資訊來源或是參考的資訊):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28929384/
Info cited on 2022-02-20-WD7 (資訊引用於 中華民國111年西元2022年2月20日) by 湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang)
#
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Review Amino Acids
2018 Jan;50(1):29-38. doi: 10.1007/s00726-017-2490-6. Epub 2017 Sep 20.
Roles of dietary
glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth
Peng Li 1, Guoyao Wu 2
Affiliations
1National Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
2Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
77843-2471, USA. g-wu@tamu.edu.
PMID: 28929384 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2490-6
Abstract
Glycine, proline, and
hydroxyproline (Hyp) contribute to 57% of total amino acids (AAs) in collagen,
which accounts for one-third of proteins in animals. As the most abundant
protein in the body, collagen is essential to maintain the normal structure and
strength of connective tissue, such as bones, skin, cartilage, and blood
vessels. Mammals, birds, and fish can synthesize: (1) glycine from
threonine, serine, choline, and Hyp; (2) proline from arginine; and (3) Hyp from proline residues in collagen,
in a cell- and tissue-specific
manner. In addition, livestock
(e.g., pigs, cattle, and sheep) produces proline from glutamine and glutamate in the small
intestine, but this
pathway is absent from birds and possibly most fish species. Results of
the recent studies indicate that endogenous synthesis of glycine, proline, and
Hyp is inadequate for maximal growth, collagen production, or feed efficiency
in pigs, chickens, and fish. Although glycine, proline and Hyp, and gelatin can be used as feed additive (飼料添加劑)s in animal diets, these ingredients except for
glycine are relatively expensive, which
precludes their inclusion in practical rations (這排除了將它們納入實際口糧的可能性). Alternatively, hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) (水解羽毛粉), which contains 9%
glycine, 5% Hyp, and 12% proline, holds great promise as a low cost but abundant dietary source of
glycine, Hyp, and proline for ruminants (反芻動物) and nonruminants (非反芻動物). Because HFM is
deficient in most AAs, future research efforts should be directed at improving
the bioavailability of its AAs and the balance of AAs in HFM-supplemented
diets. Finally, HFM may be used as a feed additive (飼料添加劑) to prevent or ameliorate connective tissue disorders
in domestic and aquatic animals.
Keywords: Feather meal; Fish; Livestock; Nutritionally nonessential amino
acids; Poultry.
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