Fumarate

Fumarate

Oxaloacetate

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Fumarate modulates cysteine residues on Keap-1 to promote antioxidant gene expression through the Nrf-2 transcription factor, and also enhances the antioxidant activity of GPx1.

Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase regenerates NADP⁺ to NADPH, which can directly detoxify mitochondrial ROS or maintain intracellular pools of reduced glutathione.

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Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

Placeholder 湯偉晉編寫的英文字典

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